ABSTRACT: Mesotheliomas in cattle are often described as isolated case reports, and investigations of multiple cases within the same bovine herd are lacking. A series of cases of malignant epithelial mesothelioma, tubulopapilary type, is described in five 15 to 21-year-old Red Sindhi cows from the same herd. Clinical signs included three to eight months of progressive emaciation, dehydration, subcutaneous edema of the lower extremities, and abdominal distension. Grossly, severe subcutaneous edema and hydroperitoneum were noted. Multiple organs’ parietal and visceral serosal surfaces had multifocal to coalescing yellow, firm, sessile nodules ranging from 0.1 to 29.0cm. Similar free nodules floated in the peritoneal fluid. Histologically, the masses comprised a layer of cubic to columnar neoplastic cells forming papillary or cystic proliferation supported by a dense fibrovascular stroma. Neoplastic cells had strong and diffuse cytoplasmic immunolabeling for pan-cytokeratin but were negative for cytokeratin 7 and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells had delicate microvilli and tight and anchoring junctions. Within the cytoplasm, a moderate amount of loose aggregate of intermediary filament with small mitochondria was observed. Epidemiological investigation evidenced endogamy in this herd. Asbestos exposure was not detected. The diagnosis was based on clinical, gross, histological, and immunohistochemical findings and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy features. A definitive underlying etiology remains unknown.

RESUMO: Mesotelioma em bovinos são frequentemente relatados como casos isolados, descrições de múltiplos casos no mesmo rebanho bovino não foram encontrados. Descreve-se uma série de casos de mesotelioma epitelial maligno, tipo tubulopapilar, em cinco vacas Red Sindi de 15 a 21 anos de idade do mesmo rebanho. Os sinais clínicos incluíram emagrecimento progressivo, desidratação, edema subcutâneo das extremidades dos membros e distensão abdominal em um curso clínico que variou de três a oito meses. Macroscopicamente, observou-se edema subcutâneo acentuado e hidroperitônio. Nas serosas parietais e viscerais de múltiplos órgãos haviam nódulos multifocais a coalescentes amarelo-claros, firmes e sésseis que variavam de 0,1 a 29,0 centímetros de diâmetro. Nódulos livres semelhantes também flutuavam no líquido peritoneal. Histologicamente, as massas eram compostas por uma camada de células cúbicas a colunares formando proliferação papilar ou cística sustentada por estroma fibrovascular denso. As células neoplásicas apresentavam imunomarcação citoplasmática forte e difusa para pan-citoqueratina, mas eram negativas para citoqueratina 7 e vimentina. Ultraestruturalmente, as células neoplásicas apresentavam delicadas microvilosidades e junções comunicantes e de ancoragem. No citoplasma observou-se moderada quantidade de agregados de filamentos intermediários soltos e pequenas mitocôndrias. A investigação epidemiológica revelou que não houve inserção de bovinos de outros rebanhos por mais de 30 anos e evidenciou endogamia. Não foram encontradas possíveis fontes de amianto para os bovinos deste rebanho. O diagnóstico de mesotelioma foi baseado em características clínicas, macroscópicas, histológicas, imuno-histoquímicas e confirmado pelos achados de microscopia eletrônica. A etiologia permanece desconhecida.

RESUMO: A intoxicação por plantas tóxicas está entre as três causas de morte mais importantes em bovinos adultos no Brasil. O grupo das plantas que causam alterações neurológicas, muito bem representada no país, encerra mais de trinta espécies tóxicas, entre as quais do gênero Ipomoea, amplamente distribuídas no território brasileiro. As plantas tóxicas desse gênero podem causar doenças do armazenamento ou síndrome tremorgênica. Descrevem-se a intoxicação natural e reprodução experimental por Ipomoea pes caprae em bovinos, verificada no norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram observados episódios de intensa ataxia locomotora, postura anormal seguida de queda, incapacidade de levantar-se, tremores, contrações, espasticidades musculares nos membros, intensificados após estimulação ou a simples aproximação e decúbito. Nos bovinos afetados há mais de 6 meses, os sinais clínicos tornavam-se permanentes. À necropsia havia apenas significativa quantidade de folhas e pecíolos da planta no rúmen. O estudo histopatológico evidenciou lesões neuronais degenerativas principalmente nos neurônios de Purkinje. A impregnação argêntica pela técnica de Bielschowsky ratificou esses achados microscópicos. As lesões histológicas sutis associadas ao quadro clínico indicam que trata-se de intoxicação tremorgênica. O fato de não haver nenhum armazenamento intracitoplasmático, confirmado pelo resultado do estudo lectino-histoquímico (não houve afinidade das lectinas Con-A, WGA e sWGA e de outras lectinas empregadas aos neurônios de Purkinje e outros neurônios afetados), é suficiente para descartar a possibilidade de tratar-se de doença do armazenamento. No bezerro intoxicado experimentalmente verificaram-se sinais clínicos semelhantes, entretanto, com a interrupção do fornecimento da planta no 28º dia, os sinais clínicos desapareceram após quatro dias. I. pes caprae causa síndrome tremorgênica espontânea em bovinos, quando ingerida como alimentação exclusiva durante períodos prolongados (muitos meses). Experimentalmente, os primeiros sinais clínicos da intoxicação foram reproduzidos após 12 dias de ingestão da planta.

ABSTRACT: Poisonous plants are a significant cause of death among adult cattle in Brazil. Plants that affect the central nervous system are widely spread throughout the Brazilian territory and comprise over 30 toxic species, including the genus Ipomoea, commonly associated with a lysosomal storage disease and a tremorgenic syndrome in livestock. We describe natural and experimental Ipomoea pes caprae poisoning in cattle from a herd in the Northside of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Affected cattle presented episodes of severe ataxia, abnormal posture followed by falling, muscular tremor, contraction, and spasticity, more prominent in the limbs, intensified by movement and forthcoming, and recumbence. Grossly, a substantial amount of leaves and petioles were found in the rumen. Histopathological examination showed degenerative neuronal changes, mostly in cerebellar Purkinje cells, which were confirmed with Bielschowsky silver. The characteristic clinical changes and mild histological lesion strongly suggested a tremorgenic syndrome. Lectin- immunohistochemistry evaluation reinforced this hypothesis; all lectins tested failed to react with affect neurons and Purkinje cells, which ruled out an underlying lysosomal storage disease. One calf given I. pes caprae leaves experimentally developed clinical signs similar to natural cases. On the 28th day of the experiment, the plant administration was suspended, and the calf recovered within four days. I. pes caprae’s spontaneous tremorgenic syndrome in cattle is conditioned to exclusive feeding for several months. We were able to experimentally reproduce toxic clinical signs 12 days following the ingestion.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of weevil adults (Cosmopolites sordicus Germar) to infective juveniles (IJ) of Heterorhabditis amazonenesis Andaló et al. (Cuban strain HC1). The adults were collected in the field with sandwich and modified disc traps and kept in quarantine in the laboratory until their use in the tests. The insects were inoculated with suspensions of infective juveniles at the dosage of 125, 250, 500, 2500, and 5000 JI.ml-1. Controls without inoculation were included. Mortality was evaluated from 12 hours to 21 days after inoculation. Lethal dose values (LD50, DL90) and lethal times (LT50 and LT90) were determined through Probit Analysis and the percentage of mortality by performing an Variance Analysis. The weevil adults killed by the effect of the nematodes became stiff and hard, maintained coloration and shrank their legs. The LD 50 and LD 90 determined were 1872 and 6061 IJ / ml-1, respectively. The LT values estimated using the concentration of 5000 IJ / ml-1 for the control of 50 and 90 % of a population of C. sordidus were 17 and 28 days, respectively. The highest percentage of mortality was 86.7 using the highest dose at 21 days.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la susceptibilidad in vitro de adultos del picudo negro (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) a los juveniles infectivos (JI) de Heterorhabditis amazonenesis Andaló et al. (Cepa HC1). Los adultos colectados en campo con trampas Sándwich y de Disco Modificada, se mantuvieron en cuarentena en el laboratorio hasta su uso en los ensayos. Se prepararon suspensiones de juveniles infectivos (125, 250, 500, 2500, 5000 JI.ml-1) con las que se inocularon los insectos y se mantuvieron testigos sin inocular. Se evaluó la mortalidad desde las 12 horas hasta 21 días posteriores a la inoculación. Se determinaron los valores de Dosis letales (DL50, DL90) y Tiempos letales (DL50 y DL90) a través de Análisis Probi y el porcentaje de mortalidad a través del Análisis de Varianza. Por el efecto de los nematodos, los adultos de picudos muertos se ponen rígidos y duros, mantienen la coloración y encogen las patas. Las DL50 y DL90 determinadas fueron 1 872 y 6 061 JI/ml-1, respectivamente. Con la dosis de 5000 JI/ml-1 para el control del 50 y 90 % de una población de C. sordidus, los TLs estimados fueron 17 y 28 días, respectivamente. El mayor porcentaje de mortalidad fue 86,7 y a la dosis más alta, a los 21 días.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to identify the most effective management strategies in the control of the banana weevil. For this purpose, a meta-analysis was used as a statistical tool. A total of1194 papers edited in the period 1990-2018 were processed, 1134 that included some of the main management strategies were selected, and 284 including the effect on insect mortality were delimited, of which only 23 presented measures of statistical dispersion for each treatment. By including several comparisons in some papers, the database was structured with 29 items. The effect size and its 95% confidence interval were calculated. The Forest -plot graphic was constructed. The Q statistic was calculated to demonstrate the significance of the analysis. Subsequently, the papers were grouped according to the management strategy used, and the average effect size was compared using a generalized linear model according to Proc Mixed of SAS 9.0. The meta-analysis resulted with significant heterogeneity. The results indicated that entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes, as well as predators are the most effective organisms in Cosmarpolitis sordidus Guermar management

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las estrategias de manejo más efectivas en el control del picudo negro del plátano. Para ello, se empleó como herramienta estadística un meta-análisis. Se procesaron 1194 artículos del periodo 1990-2018; se seleccionaron 1134 que incluyeron alguna de las principales estrategias de manejo, delimitando 284 que incluyeron el efecto sobre la mortalidad del insecto, de los cuales solo 23 presentaron estadígrafos de dispersión para cada tratamiento. Al incluir en algunos artículos varias comparaciones, la base de datos quedó estructurada con 29 observaciones. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto y su intervalo de confianza al 95 %. Se realizó el gráfico Forest-plot. Se calculó el estadígrafo Q para demostrar la significación del análisis. Posteriormente, se agruparon los artículos según la táctica de manejo empleada y se comparó el tamaño promedio del efecto mediante modelo lineal generalizado según Proc Mixed del SAS 9.0. El meta-análisis resultó con significativa heterogeneidad. Los resultados indican que los hongos y nematodos entomopatógenos, así como los depredadores son los organismos con mayor eficacia en el manejo de Cosmopolitis sordidus Guermar.

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to know the grain producer perception of the problem of warehouse pests. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to grain producers in Guanabacoa Municipality, Havana, Cuba. The main grains produced were beans, corn and, to a lesser extent, soybean, sorghum and millet. The lack of specialized facilities for grain storage was significant. It is carried out by artisan methods, standing out the use of plastic containers of different types and size. To this scarce specialization in the conservation of grains, it is added the limited knowledge about sampling methods in warehouses. Only 30 % of the interviewed producers recognized having received training on management of warehouse pests. It implies the need to structure a training program to improve this situation

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la percepción de los productores de granos acerca de la incidencia de las plagas de almacén. Se aplicó una encuesta semiestruturada a los productores de granos del municipio Guanabacoa, La Habana, Cuba. Los principales granos producidos fueron frijol, maíz y, en menor medida, soja, sorgo y millo. Fue significativa la carencia de instalaciones especializadas para la conservación de los granos, que se realiza por métodos artesanales; se destaca la utilización de frascos plásticos de diferentes tipos y tamaño. A la escasa especialización en la conservación de los granos se le suma el limitado conocimiento sobre la metodología para realizar su muestreo; solo el 30 % de los entrevistados reconoce recibir capacitación para el manejo de las plagas de almacén. Ello supone la necesidad de estructurar un programa de capacitación para mejorar esta situación.

RESUMO: O Tumor Venéreo Transmissível Canino (CTVT) é uma neoplasia de células células redondas, contagiosa, com origem e transmissão ainda mal compreendidas. Com a finalidade de aprofundar a investigação sobre a natureza (origem) do TVTC, bem como fornecer subsídios para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico e diagnóstico diferencial, realizaram-se avaliações imuno-histoquímica, lectino-histoquímica e ultraestrutural de TVTC(s). A avaliação imuno-histoquímica foi feita em 10 TVTCs genitais e em 6 exclusivamente extragenitais previamente diagnosticados através de citologia e da histopatologia. Os TVTCs foram testados para reagentes específicos de antígenos de membrana e citoplasmáticos (anti-lisozima, anti-macrófago, anti-vimentina, anti-CD18, anti-CD3, anti-CD79, anti-CD117) com utilização da técnica complexo avidina-biotina-peroxidase. Adicionalmente, foram utilizadas as lectinas Con A, DBA, SBA, PNA, UEA-1, WGA, sWGA, GSL, SJA, PSA, PHA-L, PHA-E e RCA em quatro TVTCs genitais. Microscopia eletrônica foi realizada em oito TVTC genitais. Em 100% dos tumores testados (16/16) com anticorpo anti-vimentina (mono e policlonal) houve forte imuno-reatividade. Não houve reatividade para os anticorpos anti-lisozima, anti-macrófago, anti-CD18, anti-CD3, anti-CD79a e anti-CD117 quando empregamos anticorpos monoclonais, entretanto, com a utilização de anticorpos policlonais verificou-se marcação dos tumores com os anticorpos anti-CD3 e anti-CD117. Na avaliação lectino-histoquímica foi verificada forte marcação das células tumorais com Con-A, PHA-L e RCA. Não houve diferença histopatológica e de imuno-reatividade entre os TVTCs genitais e extragenitais. Estes achados não corroboram com a hipótese da origem histiocítica do CTVT (ausência de reatividade dos anticorpos anti-lisozima, anti-macrófago e anti-CD18), entretanto, os resultados da avaliação lectino-histoquímica foram em parte similares aos obtidos quando células de origem linfóide/mielóide (ConA, PHA-L e RCA) foram analisadas (Gimeno et al. 1995).

ABSTRACT: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a naturally occurring contagious round-cell neoplasia, with poorly understood origin and transmission. This study aims to further investigate the tumor nature through immunohistochemistry, lectin histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and to provide support for diagnostic and differential diagnoses of CTVT. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 10 genital and six exclusively extragenital tumors, which were previously diagnosed by citology and histopathology. CTVT samples were incubated with biotinylated antibodies to specific membrane and cytoplasmic antigens (anti-lysozyme, anti-macrophage, anti-vimentin, anti-CD18, monoclonal anti-CD117, monoclonal anti-CD3, polyclonal anti-CD117, polyclonal CD3 and anti-CD79a), followed by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. The lectins Con A, DBA, SBA, PNA, UEA-1, WGA, sWGA, GSL, JSA, PSA, PHA-L, PHA-E and RCA were additionally tested in four genital CTVTs and TEM was performed in eight genital tumors. The anti-vimentin antibody revealed strong immunoreactivity to neoplastic cells in all the assessed samples (16/16). The polyclonal anti-CD3 antibodies showed moderate to strong immunoreactivity in fourteen (14/16) and the polyclonal anti-CD117 in fifteen cases (15/16). There was no immunoreactivity to anti-lysozyme, anti-macrophage, anti-CD18, monoclonal anti-CD117, monoclonal anti-CD3 and anti-CD79a antibodies. At lectin histochemistry, it was observed strong staining of tumor cells to Con-A, PHA-L and RCA. There was no histopathological and immunoreactivity differences between genital and extragenital CTVTs. These findings do not support the hypothesis of histiocytic origin of CTVT. In contrast, the lectin histochemical results were similar to cells from lymphoid/myeloid origin.

Resumo: Animais que se alimentam em pastos de Brachiaria spp. comumente apresentam macrófagos espumosos isolados ou agrupados no fígado, além de cristais no interior de ductos biliares. A patogênese da formação e a natureza do material armazenado nestas células, contudo, ainda não são completamente conhecidas. Através da avaliação lectino-histoquímica, saponinas esteroidais (metabólitos glicosilados secundários) têm sido identificadas nos cristais e no citoplasma das células espumosas, e provavelmente são responsáveis por danificar o fígado e levar ao acúmulo de filoeritrina. Por meio deste trabalho, objetivou-se padronizar e caracterizar a utilização da lectino-histoquímica na detecção de metabólitos glicosilados nos tecidos de búfalos mantidos em diferentes pastos de Brachiaria spp. no Brasil. Fragmentos de fígado e linfonodo mesentérico de 40 animais foram analisados: 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem predominante de B. decumbens por aproximadamente 12 meses; 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem predominante de B. brizantha por aproximadamente 18 meses; 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem de B. brizantha por aproximadamente quatro anos; e, como controle negativo, 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem livre de Brachiaria spp. desde o nascimento. Quatorze lectinas foram testadas (Con-A, SBA, WGA, DBA, UEA, RCA, PNA, GSL-I, PSA, LCA, PHA-E, PHA-L, SJA e SWGA), em um total de 1120 fragmentos avaliados. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a lectina PNA possui marcada reatividade para macrófagos espumosos de bovinos e ovinos. No presente estudo, a lectina SWGA apresentou acentuada reatividade e alta especificidade para macrófagos espumosos; WGA, GSL, PHA-E e PHA-L mostraram moderada a acentuada reatividade, mas baixa especificidade aos macrófagos espumosos; as outras lectinas não apresentaram reatividade ou especificidade relevantes. Além disso, não houve diferença relevante de marcação entre os fragmentos coletados de animais que se alimentaram de B. decumbens por 12 meses e B. brizantha por 18 meses. Porém, a diminuição da presença e marcação lectino-histoquímica dos macrófagos espumosos nos tecidos dos búfalos que ingeriram Brachiaria brizantha durante mais tempo indica que os animais podem passar por um processo de adaptação de acordo com o tempo de ingestão da planta. A avaliação lectino-histoquímica pode ser utilizada para caracterizar o material armazenado em macrófagos espumosos presentes no fígado e linfonodo mesentérico de búfalos que se alimentam em pastagens de Brachiaria spp. e ajuda na compreensão da patogênese de formação destas células.

Abstract: Animals grazing Brachiaria spp. commonly present foamy macrophages isolated or grouped in the liver, and crystals within biliary ducts. The pathogenesis of formation and the nature of the material stored in these cells however are not completely known. Through lectin histochemistry evaluation, steroidal saponins (secondary glycosylated metabolites) have been identified in the crystals and within the cytoplasm of the foam cells, which are probably liable for damaging the liver, leading to accumulation of phylloerythrin. This study aims to standardize and characterize the use of lectin histochemistry to detect glycosylated metabolites in tissues of buffaloes kept on different Brachiaria spp. pastures in Brazil. Fragments of liver and mesenteric lymph node from 40 buffaloes were analyzed: 10 buffaloes that were kept in predominant pasture of B. decumbens for 12 months; 10 buffaloes that were kept in pasture with a predominance of B. brizantha for 18 months; 10 buffaloes that were kept on pasture of B. brizantha for about four years; and as a negative control, 10 buffaloes that were maintained on native pasture without Brachiaria spp. since birth. Fourteen lectins were tested (Con-A, SBA, WGA, DBA, UEA, RCA, PNA, GSL-I, PSA, LCA, PHA-E, PHA-L, SJA and SWGA), in a total of 1120 evaluated samples. Previous studies demonstrated that PNA showed great binding reactivity for foamy macrophages in cattle and sheep. In the present study, SWGA showed high specificity and marked binding reactivity for foamy macrophages; WGA, GSL, PHA-E and PHA-L showed moderate to marked reactivity, but low specificity for foamy macrophages. The other lectins had not relevant reactivity or specificity. Moreover there was no relevant reactivity difference between the collected samplesd from buffaloes that grazed B. decumbens for 12 months and Brachiaria brizantha for 18 months. However the decreased presence of foamy macrophages and its lectin histochemical binding in animals that fed on B. brizantha for a longer time, indicates that the buffaloes can pass through an adaptation process according to the plant intake time. Lectin histochemistry analysis can be used to characterize the material stored in foamy macrophages present in liver and mesenteric lymph node of buffaloes that graze on Brachiaria spp. pastures and helps to clarify the pathogenesis of these cells.

In Angola, there are not studies that assess the damage that Heliothis armigera (Hübner) produces in the cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). For this purpose, experiments were carried out with the tomato varieties IPA 6 and Rio Grande at two tomato farms located in two municipalities of the province of Namibe during the growing seasons from May to October 2012 and from March to August 2013. A split plot experimental design with five plots of 5 x 50m for each variety was used. A systematic fortnightly sampling of larvae was started on fifteen plants per plot after 30 days of seedling transplantation. The phytosanitary treatments and cultural practices traditionally used in the region were made. The results showed that both varieties were susceptible to H. armigera attack. The largest population averages of the pest and the biggest losses of fruits in term of number (84.1%) and weight (82.1%) were shown by the variety IPA 6.

En Angola no existen estudios que evalúen los daños que produce Heliothis armigera (Hübner) en el cultivo del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Con este propósito, se condujeron experimentos en dos fincas productoras de tomate ubicadas en dos municipios de la provincia Namibe, sobre las variedades de tomate IPA 6 y Río Grande en las campañas de mayo a octubre de 2012 y de marzo a agosto de 2013. Para cada variedad, se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas en cinco parcelas de 5 x 50m.Transcurridos 30 días desde el trasplante, se dio inicio a los muestreos sistemáticos de larvas con frecuencia quincenal, tomando 15 plantas por parcela. Durante el ciclo del cultivo se efectuaron los tratamientos fitosanitarios y las labores culturales que tradicionalmente se emplean en la región. Los resultados mostraron que ambas variedades fueron susceptibles al ataque de H. armigera. En el municipio Namibe se obtuvieron los mayores promedios poblacionales de la plaga y las mayores pérdidas de frutos en cuanto a número (84,1%) y masa (82,1%) en la variedad IPA 6.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia endangers animal health and local food production, making it one of the most important infectious diseases of livestock. In Africa, the herds undergo losses of up to 80%, and survivors often become chronic carriers with decreased production of milk and meat. Namibe province is considered one of the most affected by the disease, but the impact thereof and the factors associated with its occurrence are unknown. The study was designed based on participatory epidemiology involving 87 farmers from three municipalities of Namibe province and the support of traditional leaders and technicians of the state services in the province; a semi-structured questionnaire was used. The 67,8% of the farmers (59) reported dead animal and 64% pointed to the disease as a cause of death. Bibala was the most affected municipality, and cow was the animal category with the highest mortality (p<0.001). The factors associated with mortality by this disease identified by logistic regression were: animal purchase to neighboring countries (OR:11.0 p<0.001), dry season (OR: 3.0, p<0.05), transhumance (OR:1.74, p<0.05), and animal movement farther than 50 km (OR:4.81, p<0.05). The PCB and its risk factors were demonstrated to be a significant part of the livestock problems to be treated with priority.

La pleuroneumonía contagiosa bovina (PCB) pone en peligro la salud animal y la producción local de alimentos en África, lo que la hace una de las enfermedades infecciosas más importante del ganado. En África, los hatos experimentan pérdidas directas e indirectas de hasta el 80% y los sobrevivientes se vuelven a menudo portadores crónicos con disminución de la producción de leche y carne. La provincia Namibe, se considera como una de las más afectadas por la enfermedad, pero se desconoce el impacto de la mortalidad y los factores asociados a su presentación. Se realizó un estudio que involucró a 87 criadores provenientes de tres municipios de la provincia Namibe, con el apoyo de líderes tradicionales y técnicos de los servicios estatales de la provincia y el uso de un cuestionario semiestructurado. El 67,8% de los criadores (59) reportó muerte animal y el 64% señaló la enfermedad como causa de muerte. Bibala fue el municipio más afectado y la categoría animal de mayor mortalidad fue las vacas (p<0,001). Mediante regresión logística se identificó que los factores asociados a la mortalidad por esta enfermedad fueron: la compra de animales a países vecinos (OR: 11,0 p<0,05), la época de seca (OR: 3,0, p<0,05), la trashumancia (OR: 1,74, p<0,05) y el movimiento de animales a más de 50 km (OR: 4,81, p<0,05). Se demostró la importancia de la pleuroneumonía contagiosa bovina en Namibe como parte relevante de los problemas a ser tratados con prioridad y los factores de riesgo.

The objective of this study was to determine the potential of strains of Trichoderma asperellum, Lieckfeldt & Nirenberg to control M. incognita, (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Under laboratory conditions (in vitro), six native strains of T. asperellum (Ta.25, Ta.1, Ta.90, Ta.78, Ta.79, and T.13) were selected for their high antagonistic capability, production of various metabolites, and adaptation to different environmental conditions and substrates. For the in vitro trial, 1/10, 1/25, 1/50 dilutions and the pure filtrate of each strain were tested, including a control treatment with sterile water. For the study under semi-controlled conditions, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were inoculated with 2.5 second instar juveniles (J) per gram of soil and, after 72 hours, 10(7)CFU of the strain Ta.90 were added per pot The treatments were: healthy plants (absolute control), plants + Ta.90, plants +Ta.90 + nematodes, plants + nematodes, and nematodes + Ta.90 (without plants). The parameters evaluated after 35 days were galling index (IA), number of eggs per root system, plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, and weight of fresh root. High mortality levels were shown by all the T. asperellum strain filtrates; the strain Ta.90 stood out with 90% mortality at 24 hours. In the pot trial, this latter strain significantly reduced the number of eggs per female compared with the unapplied control, and attenuated the effect of the nematode on parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and root fresh weight.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el potencial de cepas de Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckfeldt y Nirenberg como agente de control biológico de Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid y White) Chitwood. Se utilizaron las cepas Ta.1, Ta.13, Ta.25, Ta.78, Ta.79 y Ta.90, seleccionadas previamente por su alta capacidad antagónica, producción de metabolitos y adaptación a diversas condiciones ambientales y sustratos. En los ensayos in vitro, se evaluó el efecto de las cepas sobre juveniles de M. incognita y se utilizaron las diluciones de 1/10; 1/25; 1/50 y filtrado puro de cada una de las cepas y un tratamiento control (agua estéril). Para el estudio en condiciones semicontroladas, las plantas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) se inocularon con 2,5 juveniles de segundo estadio (J2) por gramo de suelo y a las 72 horas se adicionó inóculo de la cepa Ta.90; se aplicó 10(7)UCF por maceta. Los tratamientos fueron: plantas sanas (control absoluto), plantas + Ta.90; plantas +Ta.90 + nematodos, plantas + nematodo y nematodos + Ta.90 (sin plantas). A los 35 días se evaluaron los parámetros: Índice de Agallamiento (IA), número de huevos del nematodo por sistema radical, altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de la raíz, número de hojas y masa fresca de raíz. Los filtrados de las cepas de T. asperellum causaron altos niveles de mortalidad y sobresalió la cepa Ta.90 con 90% de mortalidad a las 24 horas. En macetas, dicha cepa provocó una disminución en el número de huevos por hembras, lo que difiere significativamente del testigo sin aplicar y atenuó el efecto del nematodo sobre los parámetros: altura, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas y masa fresca aérea.